http://scyphozoan.ucmerced.edu/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=MatildaHarris&feedformat=atomThe Scyphozoan - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T22:28:57ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.39.3http://scyphozoan.ucmerced.edu/w/index.php?title=Cubomedusae&diff=1729Cubomedusae2012-01-18T17:10:00Z<p>MatildaHarris: </p>
<hr />
<div>*Class - Cubozoa (Werner 1975)<br> <br />
*Order - Cubomedusae (Haeckel 1877)<br> <br />
*Characteristics of the Order (from Kramp 1961)<br />
<br />
Scyphomedusae with umbrella margin not cleft into lappets; with four interradial tentacles or groups of tentacles situated on gelatinous, wing-shaped or spatula-shaped structures (pedalia); with four perradial sense organs situated within niches on the sides of the bell; with four wide perradial sacs extending outwards from the central stomach into the subumbrellar cavity, incompletely separated by interradial septa; with four pairs of leaf-shaped gonads attached along the interradial septa and extending into the gastrovascular space; the opening of the bell cavity partly closed by an annular diaphragm (velarium). <br />
<br />
<br> The taxonomic rank and phylogenetic position of the box jellyfishes has been much debated. They were originally considered to be an order (Cubomedusae Haeckel 1877) in the Class Scyphozoa (e.g. Mayer 1910; Kramp 1961). In the mid-1970's, however, they were given the <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.bestpills4weightloss.com/<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important;background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">best weight loss pills</span>] status of a class (Cubozoa Werner 1975; see also Mianzan &amp; Cornelius 1999) on the basis of morphological differences. Recent molecular data, however, raised a paradox in <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.congregationbuilder.com/ <span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">web based church management software</span>] that Class Cubozoa was more closely related than Order Stauromedusae to the other scyphozoan orders Coronatae, Semaeostomeae, and Rhizostomeae, i.e. "Scyphozoa" was paraphyletic (e.g. Collins 2002). This issue has now been resolved with elevation of stauromedusae to Class Staurozoa (e.g. Marques &amp; Collins 2004; Dawson in press). The list of families, genera, and species below is <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.phuketproperty.com/ <span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">Villa in Phuket</span>] based largely on Kramp (1961), Southcott (1967), Pagès et al. (1992), Mianzan &amp; Cornelius (1999), ZooBank, and the various recent publications of Gershwin. The group continues to be the subject of several morphological and molecular investigations which should help to clarify species relationships and boundaries.<br> <br />
<br />
== Cubomedusae Species ==<br />
<br />
Collections: M = morphology, D = DNA. Type = * <br />
<br />
'''Key:''' <br />
<br />
'''Family (5)'''[[Image:Car Sivickisi Guam.jpg|thumb|right|Carybdea sivickisi Stiasny 1926]] <br />
<br />
*Genus (13) <br />
**Species (32) <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=== Carybdeidae ===<br />
<br />
Gegenbaur 1856 <br />
<br />
*''Carybdea'' Péron &amp; Lesueur 1809 <br />
**''Carybdea marsupialis'' (Linné 1758)* <br />
**''Carybdea rastoni ''Haacke 1886 <br />
**''Carybdea sivickisi '' Stiasny 1926 '''pictured'''<br />
**''Carybdea xaymacana''Conant 1897 <br />
*''Tripedalia'' Conant 1897 <br />
**''Tripedalia binata'' Moore 1988 <br />
**''Tripedalia cystophora'' Conant 1897 '''pictured'''<br />
[[Image:Tripedalia cystophoraLEM065.jpg|thumb|right|''Tripedalia cystophora'' Conant 1897]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=== [[Alatinidae]] ===<br />
<br />
Gershwin 2005 <br> <br />
<br />
*''Alatina'' Gershwin 2005 <br> <br />
**''Alatina alata'' (Reynaud 1830) * <br> <br />
**''Alatina grandis'' (Agassiz &amp; Mayer 1902) <br />
**''Alatina madraspatana''(Menon 1930) <br />
**''Alatina mordens'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
**''Alatina moseri'' (Mayer 1906) <br />
**''Alatina pyramis'' (Haeckel 1880) <br />
**''Alatina rainensis'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
**''Alatina tetraptera'' (Haeckel 1880) [[Image:Tam haplonema.jpg|thumb|right|''Tamoya haplonema'' (F. Müller, 1859)]] <br />
*''Manokia'' (Soutcott 1967) <br />
**''Manokia stisnyi'' (Bigelow 1938)*<br />
<br />
<br><br />
=== Tamoyidae ===<br />
<br />
Haeckel 1880 <br />
<br />
*''Carukia'' Soutcott 1967 <br />
**''Carukia barnesi'' Southcott 1967 * <br />
**''Carukia shinju'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
*''Gerongia'' Gershwin &amp; Alderslade 2005 <br />
**''Gerongia rifkinae'' Gershwin &amp; Alderslade 2005 * <br />
*''Malo'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
**''Malo maxima'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
*''Tamoya'' Muller 1859 <br />
**''Tamoya haeckeli'' Southcott 1967 <br />
**''Tamoya haplonema'' Muller 1859 * '''pictured'''<br />
<br />
<br><br />
=== Chirodropidae ===<br />
<br />
Haeckel 1877 <br />
<br />
*''Chirodropus'' Haeckel 1880 <br />
**''Chirodropus gorilla'' Haeckel 1880 * <br />
**''Chirodropus palmatus'' Haeckel 1880 <br />
**''Chirodropus'' sp. Stiasny 1992 <br />
*''Chironex'' Southcott 1956 [[Image:Chir quadrumanus.jpg|thumb|right| ''Chiropsalmus quadrumanus'' Müller 1859]]<br />
**''Chironex fleckeri'' Southcott 1956 *<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=== Chiropsalmidae ===<br />
<br />
Thiel 1936 <br />
<br />
*''Chiropsalmus'' L. Agassiz 1862 <br />
**''Chiropsalmus alipes'' Gershwin 2006 <br />
**''Chiropsalmus maculatus'' Cornelius et al. 2005 <br />
**''Chiropsalmus quadrumanus'' Müller 1859 * '''pictured'''<br />
**''Chiropsalmus zygonema'' Haeckel 1880 <br />
*''Chiropsoides'' Southott 1956 <br />
**''Chiropsoides buitendijki'' (Horst 1907) <br />
**''Chiropsoides quadrigatus '' (Haeckel 1880) '''pictured'''<br />
*''Chiropsella'' Gershwin 2006 <br />
[[Image:Chiropsalmus quadrigatus.jpg|thumb|right| ''Chiropsoides quadrigatus'' Haeckel 1880]] <br />
**''Chiropsella bronzie'' Gershwin 2006 *<br />
<br />
<br> See Zoo Bank ([http://www.zoobank.org/query.htm]) for more information. <br />
<br />
''Compiled by M.N Dawson, L.A. Gershwin, G. Jarms, H. Mianzan, A.C. Morandini. Updated by M.N Dawson (August 2007). Further update pending.''<br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Cubozoa| ]]</div>MatildaHarrishttp://scyphozoan.ucmerced.edu/w/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1720Main Page2012-01-05T22:45:09Z<p>MatildaHarris: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Colorata.JPG|border|right|300x400px|Chrysaora colorata (Russell 1964) Monterey Bay Aquarium]] <br />
<br />
== Our Aim ==<br />
<br />
*To provide a freely accessible accurate resource describing biodiversity in the Scyphozoa. <br />
*To distill the information available in the scientific literature, including the latest discoveries, for access by non-specialists. <br />
*To provide a tool for research, education, and discovery <br />
<br />
== About ==<br />
<br />
''The Scyphozoan* Wiki'' is dedicated to integrating and disseminating information describing medusae currently, or previously, recognized as scyphozoans (* i.e. Scyphozoa, the sister taxon Cubozoa, and the enigmatic Staurozoa). It is a venue for scyphozoan biologists of all kinds to present historical and modern knowledge, in simplified form, to non-specialists including aquarists, coastal managers, educators, fisheries biologists, students, and <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.phuketproperty.com/ <span style="background: none transparent scroll repeat 0% 0%; color: black; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none">Phuket Real estate</span>] the interested general public,<span class="plainlinks">[http://featherranch.com/ <span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">dog training</span>] who may all have first hand experience with jellyfishes and <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.best-foodprocessorreviews.com <span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">food processor reviews</span>]. We encourage contributions in the hope that ''The Scyphozoan* Wiki'' will become a regular repository for, and generator of, new information on this enigmatic group.<br />
[http://essaywritingmaster.co.uk/accounting-assignment Accounting Assignment] <br />
[http://essaywritingmaster.co.uk/custom-assignment-services Assignment writing] <br />
[http://essaywritingmaster.co.uk/physics-assignment Physics Assignment] <br />
[http://essaywritingmaster.co.uk/mathematics-assignment Mathematics Assignment] <br />
[http://essaywritingmaster.co.uk/computer-programming-assignment Computer Programming Assignment] <br />
[http://Essaywritingmaster.co.uk Dissertation writing services] <br />
[http://Essaywritingmaster.co.uk Thesis writing services] <br />
[http://Essaywritingmaster.co.uk Essay writing services uk] <br />
[http://Essaywritingmaster.co.uk Essay writing services] <br />
[http://essaywritingmaster.co.uk/coursework-writing Coursework writing]<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
''The Scyphozoan'' website, the precursor to ''The Scyphozoan Wiki'', was first published online in April 2003. The 6th, and final html, edition was published in August 2007. The seventh edition marked migration of ''The Scyphozoan'' compendium to ''The Scyphozoan Wiki'' and archiving of the original site with bibliography, a repository for published datasets, species key, and portal to project websites.'''<br>'''<br />
<br />
== The Scope ==<br />
<br />
The class Scyphozoa: Coronatae, Semaeostomeae, Rhizostomeae and all members thereof. Also the Staurozoa (stauromedusae) and Cubozoa (cubomedusae). All attributes of these groups, including their behaviour, biogeography, ecology, and evolution. The inter-relationships between animals, attributes, and environment. <br />
<br />
Enjoy!<br />
[http://www.camdolly.com/ camera dolly]<br />
[http://www.camdolly.com/ film making gear]<br />
[http://www.camdolly.com/ tripod dolly]<br />
[http://www.camdolly.com/ video dolly]</div>MatildaHarrishttp://scyphozoan.ucmerced.edu/w/index.php?title=Cubomedusae&diff=1698Cubomedusae2011-12-15T00:33:58Z<p>MatildaHarris: </p>
<hr />
<div>*Class - Cubozoa (Werner 1975)<br> <br />
*Order - Cubomedusae (Haeckel 1877)<br> <br />
*Characteristics of the Order (from Kramp 1961)<br />
<br />
Scyphomedusae with umbrella margin not cleft into lappets; with four interradial tentacles or groups of tentacles situated on gelatinous, wing-shaped or spatula-shaped structures (pedalia); with four perradial sense organs situated within niches on the sides of the bell; with four wide perradial sacs extending outwards from the central stomach into the subumbrellar cavity, incompletely separated by interradial septa; with four pairs of leaf-shaped gonads attached along the interradial septa and extending into the gastrovascular space; the opening of the bell cavity partly closed by an annular diaphragm (velarium). <br />
<br />
<br> The taxonomic rank and phylogenetic position of the box jellyfishes has been much debated. They were originally considered to be an order (Cubomedusae Haeckel 1877) in the Class Scyphozoa (e.g. Mayer 1910; Kramp 1961). In the mid-1970's, however, they were given the <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.bestpills4weightloss.com/<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important;background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">best weight loss pills</span>] status of a class (Cubozoa Werner 1975; see also Mianzan &amp; Cornelius 1999) on the basis of morphological differences. Recent molecular data, however, raised a paradox in that Class Cubozoa was more closely related than Order Stauromedusae to the other scyphozoan orders Coronatae, Semaeostomeae, and Rhizostomeae, i.e. "Scyphozoa" was paraphyletic (e.g. Collins 2002). This issue has now been resolved with elevation of stauromedusae to Class Staurozoa (e.g. Marques &amp; Collins 2004; Dawson in press). The list of families, genera, and species below is based largely on Kramp (1961), Southcott (1967), Pagès et al. (1992), Mianzan &amp; Cornelius (1999), ZooBank, and the various recent publications of Gershwin. The group continues to be the subject of several morphological and molecular investigations which should help to clarify species relationships and boundaries.<br> <br />
<br />
== Cubomedusae Species ==<br />
<br />
Collections: M = morphology, D = DNA. Type = * <br />
<br />
'''Key:''' <br />
<br />
'''Family (5)'''[[Image:Car Sivickisi Guam.jpg|thumb|right|Carybdea sivickisi Stiasny 1926]] <br />
<br />
*Genus (13) <br />
**Species (32) <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=== Carybdeidae ===<br />
<br />
Gegenbaur 1856 <br />
<br />
*''Carybdea'' Péron &amp; Lesueur 1809 <br />
**''Carybdea marsupialis'' (Linné 1758)* <br />
**''Carybdea rastoni ''Haacke 1886 <br />
**''Carybdea sivickisi '' Stiasny 1926 '''pictured'''<br />
**''Carybdea xaymacana''Conant 1897 <br />
*''Tripedalia'' Conant 1897 <br />
**''Tripedalia binata'' Moore 1988 <br />
**''Tripedalia cystophora'' Conant 1897 '''pictured'''<br />
[[Image:Tripedalia cystophoraLEM065.jpg|thumb|right|''Tripedalia cystophora'' Conant 1897]] <br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=== [[Alatinidae]] ===<br />
<br />
Gershwin 2005 <br> <br />
<br />
*''Alatina'' Gershwin 2005 <br> <br />
**''Alatina alata'' (Reynaud 1830) * <br> <br />
**''Alatina grandis'' (Agassiz &amp; Mayer 1902) <br />
**''Alatina madraspatana''(Menon 1930) <br />
**''Alatina mordens'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
**''Alatina moseri'' (Mayer 1906) <br />
**''Alatina pyramis'' (Haeckel 1880) <br />
**''Alatina rainensis'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
**''Alatina tetraptera'' (Haeckel 1880) [[Image:Tam haplonema.jpg|thumb|right|''Tamoya haplonema'' (F. Müller, 1859)]] <br />
*''Manokia'' (Soutcott 1967) <br />
**''Manokia stisnyi'' (Bigelow 1938)*<br />
<br />
<br><br />
=== Tamoyidae ===<br />
<br />
Haeckel 1880 <br />
<br />
*''Carukia'' Soutcott 1967 <br />
**''Carukia barnesi'' Southcott 1967 * <br />
**''Carukia shinju'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
*''Gerongia'' Gershwin &amp; Alderslade 2005 <br />
**''Gerongia rifkinae'' Gershwin &amp; Alderslade 2005 * <br />
*''Malo'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
**''Malo maxima'' Gershwin 2005 <br />
*''Tamoya'' Muller 1859 <br />
**''Tamoya haeckeli'' Southcott 1967 <br />
**''Tamoya haplonema'' Muller 1859 * '''pictured'''<br />
<br />
<br><br />
=== Chirodropidae ===<br />
<br />
Haeckel 1877 <br />
<br />
*''Chirodropus'' Haeckel 1880 <br />
**''Chirodropus gorilla'' Haeckel 1880 * <br />
**''Chirodropus palmatus'' Haeckel 1880 <br />
**''Chirodropus'' sp. Stiasny 1992 <br />
*''Chironex'' Southcott 1956 [[Image:Chir quadrumanus.jpg|thumb|right| ''Chiropsalmus quadrumanus'' Müller 1859]]<br />
**''Chironex fleckeri'' Southcott 1956 *<br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
=== Chiropsalmidae ===<br />
<br />
Thiel 1936 <br />
<br />
*''Chiropsalmus'' L. Agassiz 1862 <br />
**''Chiropsalmus alipes'' Gershwin 2006 <br />
**''Chiropsalmus maculatus'' Cornelius et al. 2005 <br />
**''Chiropsalmus quadrumanus'' Müller 1859 * '''pictured'''<br />
**''Chiropsalmus zygonema'' Haeckel 1880 <br />
*''Chiropsoides'' Southott 1956 <br />
**''Chiropsoides buitendijki'' (Horst 1907) <br />
**''Chiropsoides quadrigatus '' (Haeckel 1880) '''pictured'''<br />
*''Chiropsella'' Gershwin 2006 <br />
[[Image:Chiropsalmus quadrigatus.jpg|thumb|right| ''Chiropsoides quadrigatus'' Haeckel 1880]] <br />
**''Chiropsella bronzie'' Gershwin 2006 *<br />
<br />
<br> See Zoo Bank ([http://www.zoobank.org/query.htm]) for more information. <br />
<br />
''Compiled by M.N Dawson, L.A. Gershwin, G. Jarms, H. Mianzan, A.C. Morandini. Updated by M.N Dawson (August 2007). Further update pending.''<br><br />
<br />
[[Category:Cubozoa| ]]</div>MatildaHarrishttp://scyphozoan.ucmerced.edu/w/index.php?title=Identify_a_jellyfish&diff=1669Identify a jellyfish2011-11-15T12:04:58Z<p>MatildaHarris: </p>
<hr />
<div>== '''How to Identify a Jellyfish''' ==<br />
<br />
'''''Step 1.''' Learn what makes jellyfish different species.'' <br />
<br />
Like any other species, jellyfish can be distinguished by the way their phenotype (i.e. [[Anatomy]], [[Behavior]], morphology, physiology), by the places that they live (their [[Biogeography]]), and by their DNA. Although combining information on phenotype, biogeography, and [[DNA]] provides the most robust identifications, all three options are not available to most people most of <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.andrewflusche.com/services/stafford-dui-lawyer/<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">Stafford DUI lawyer</span>] the time; for example, specialist facilities are required for DNA sequencing. Fortunately, jellyfishes usually can be identified at least to genus, and often <span class="plainlinks">[http://thebeginnerslens.com/<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">iphone photography</span>] species, by their appearance in the field, i.e. by measuring a set of informative anatomical or morphological <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.diamondlinks.net/<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">link building</span>] characters. <br />
<br />
<br> '''''Step 2.''' Use the scyphozoan jellyfish identification key.'' <br />
<br />
A polychotomous key to identify scyphozoan jellyfishes is in development. <br />
<br />
<br> '''''Step 3.''' Send your jellyfish to a specialist for confirmation.'' <br />
<br />
If you've found a jellyfish and would like to know what it is and about it's DNA (for free!), then send pictures and a sample <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.netlook.com.br/ <span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;"> roupas da moda</span>] to the address below! We will identify the animals to the best of our ability, as well as sequence molecular markers including "genetic barcodes" from the mitochondrial (16S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (18S, 28S, and <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.proposable.com <span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">proposal software</span>] other markers in the future) genomes, then send the information to you.&nbsp; <br />
<br />
To send in your samples follow the steps below:<br> <br />
<br />
#Photograph the jellyfish<br />
<br />
*See http://www.jellieszone.com/photography.htm Jellies Zone for tips on jelly photography.<br><br />
<br />
#Preserve the DNA<br />
<br />
*See descriptions under "Preservation of DNA" on the [[methods]] page for more detailed information.<br><br />
<br />
#Preserve the remainder of the specimen for morphological analysis (optional, but highly preferred)<br />
<br />
*See descriptions under "Preservation of Medusae" on the [[methods]] page for more detailed information.<br><br />
<br />
#Provide information about the collection<br />
<br />
<u>When sending samples, please include the following information for each specimen:</u> <br />
<br />
'''Geographic location''' <br />
<br />
'''Depth''' <br />
<br />
'''Date''' (of collection)&nbsp; <br />
<br />
'''Collector''' (e.g. your name) <br />
<br />
'''Photograph''' <br />
<br />
'''Whole jellyfish preserved?''' (yes/no; where) <br> <br />
<br />
=== Conditions<br> ===<br />
<br />
While we will endeavor to provide sequence data to you in a timely manner, turnaround will depend upon resources at the time. We expect that samples will be processed in less than one month in only exceptional circumstances. A more realistic expectation is 2-6 months, but sometimes longer as laboratory facilities may change from time to time. As resources are established and subsequently increased we hope to provide a more efficient service. Depending on your needs, arrangements can be made on a case by case basis. Please contact us if you have any questions. <br />
<br />
We will attempt to sequence all species submitted, but success cannot be guaranteed. Our ability to generate sequence data will depend on the quality of the sample and whether existing techniques work for that species. If techniques don't work initially, we will attempt to modify them appropriately, but this will take time and sometimes may not be successful if resources (e.g. samples, time) are limited. Also, due to financial restrictions, we will only be able <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.bestpills4weightloss.com/purebiotix-review.html <span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;"> purebiotix diet pill review</span>] to sequence one or two jellyfish per species per location or region. If you would like to know whether we will sequence your samples before you send them, please contact Michael Dawson at mdawson@ucmerced.edu. It may be possible to arrange a subset of analysis. <br />
<br />
Submission of samples implicitly gives us the right to use the sequences, including, but not limited to, publication on this site and in the scientific literature. Our intention is to advance knowledge of the scyphozoans as broadly as possible. If this might conflict with your immediate interests, please do not hesitate to discuss the matter with us. We welcome the opportunity to collaborate with anyone interested in these animals and may forgo this condition in the interests of progress. All contributors to all studies will be acknowledged.<br> <br />
<br />
=== Shipping<br> ===<br />
<br />
Please send all samples through airmail at room temperature to:<br> <br />
<br />
<br>'''Dr. Michael Dawson<br>School of Natural Sciences<br>University of California at Merced<br>5200 North Lake Road<br>Merced, CA 95340 USA'''<br><br> <br />
<br />
See [[Shipping information and details]] for more information.<br> <br />
<br />
[[Category:Identification| ]]</div>MatildaHarrishttp://scyphozoan.ucmerced.edu/w/index.php?title=Nemopilema_nomurai&diff=1654Nemopilema nomurai2011-10-29T07:57:29Z<p>MatildaHarris: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{test|Rhizostomeae|Nemopilema|nomurai}}<br />
[[Image:Nemopilema_nomurai_net.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Nemopilema nomurai being pushed out of a set net by fishermen with bamboo poles, 2005]]'''Nemopilema nomurai''' is a large rhizostome jellyfish that grows to approximately 200 cm bell diameter and 200 kg wet weight. It is probably distributed predominantly in the northern East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea, but may also be advected northward by the [[Tsushima Current]] into the Sea of Japan. For most of the last century, it was not abundant in the coastal waters of Japan; during such 'normal' years (e.g. 2001) only one or two medusae per week were caught in any particular set-net. In contrast, N. nomurai occurred at exceptional abundances around Japan during 1920, 1958, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2005, and 2006; during such 'bloom' years up to 1500 medusae have been caught in a set-net in a single day. Preliminary observations in the Tsushima Current during <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.weavcast.com/<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">Weavcast</span>] May-June 2007 indicate the [http://www.valleypistachio.com/ California pistachios] largest bloom since 2002 is currently on its way toward Japan.<br />
<br />
<br />
Although Nemopilema nomurai is edible, it is considered a low-quality food because it does not have the preferred crunchy texture of good 'kurage'. Consequently, rather than being a boon for jellyfish fisheries, the blooms of Nemopilema nomurai have been most notable for the problems they have caused in Japan. These <span class="plainlinks">[http://tripfoundry.com/<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">Trip Foundry</span>] problems include<br />
*clogging and bursing of nets;<br />
*lower catches of finfish;<br />
*high mortality of finfish due to invenomation by the jellyfish;<br />
*reduced commercial value of finfish due to invenomation;<br />
*increased labour costs associated with <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.bestpills4weightloss.com/ <span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">http://www.bestpills4weightloss.com</span>] removal of the medusae from nets (see figure above);<br />
*increased risk of capsizing trawlers;<br />
*the short-term inconvenience and discomfort caused by stings suffered by fishermen.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Nemo_nomu_polyps.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Nemopilema nomurai polyps fertilized, reared, and displayed in the lab (M. Kawahara)]]The stings of N. nomurai cause predominantly non-lethal effects, although a few deaths have been reported from China. When stung by Nemopilema nomurai, there is at first a very intense pain with strong burning sensation, then the site of the sting becomes reddened and small blisters form on the surface of the skin. The symptoms subside after about half-an-hour.<br />
<br />
<br />
Given the severe economic (and likely also ecological) impacts of the blooms of Nemopilema nomurai, discovering the conditions that bring such large numbers of the medusae into Japan's coastal zone is of considerable importance. Multinational meetings between China, Korea, and Japan have been convened to investigate and mitigate the problem. This remains a wide-open area of research to which mathematical oceanographic models and molecular genetic analyses, as well as population surveys, are being applied. Of the many causes typically offered to explain blooms, those currently considered most likely to explain the increase in abundance of N. nomurai are ecosystem change and altered annual hydrographical conditions near its principal habitat off eastern China.<br />
<br />
<br />
That the location of the hypothesized principal causes of the blooms (in China) is geographically distant from the location of their principal impacts (in Japan) is a consequence of the rate at which they develop interacting with the rate at which they are advected in ocean currents. Consequently, the blooms of Nemopilema nomurai in Japan are what have been called 'apparent blooms', i.e. rapid increases in abundance of medusae due to oceanographic events, as opposed to a 'true bloom' (rapid growth of a population in a particular location). However, Nemopilema nomurai may force rethinking of these conveniently distinct definitions: the high abundance of medusae arriving in Japan (the apparent bloom) is due to the rapid growth of the population in a particular parcel of ocean water (a true bloom) that has carried them from their source region. Whether the bloom is mostly the result of unusually high strobilation and/or high survivorship in the source and transit regions, or due to a concentrating effect of currents (possibly interacting with behavior) is not yet known, but will be important for understanding, and defining, these blooms.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Nemopilema_nomurai_scuba.jpg|left|thumb|250px]]<br />
Whether or not the blooms of Nemopilema nomurai in Japan will remain 'apparent' blooms in Japan is currently a practical concern. To date, there is no evidence of polyps settling, surviving, and reproducing in Japan's coastal waters. However, the threat of local populations being established - and the possibility of blooms of N. nomurai becoming an annual occurrence - is treated seriously. With continued ingress of millions of medusae and local conditions that are consistent with polyp growth, it seems probable that, <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.mycaal.com/ <span style="color:black;font-weight:normaltext-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;">loan modification</span>] sometime, somewhere, N. nomurai will establish a local population in Japan.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Nemopilema_nomurai.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Nemopilema nomurai]]]]<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
* Information taken predominantly from Kawahara et al. (2006a, b).<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nemopilema nomurai]]</div>MatildaHarris